Douglas Cumming (Toronto, Canada), B.Com. (Hons.) (McGill), M.A. (Queen's), J.D. (University of Toronto Faculty of Law), Ph.D. (Toronto), CFA, is an Associate Professor of Finance and Entrepreneurship and the Ontario Research Chair at the Schulich School of Business, York University. Cummings' work has been presented at the American Finance Association, the Western Finance Association, the European Finance Association, the American Law and Economics Association, the European Law and Economics Association, and other leading international conferences. His recent publications have appeared in numerous journals: American Law and Economics Review, Journal of Business, Journal of Corporate Finance, and Review of Financial Studies. He is coauthor of Venture Capital and Private Equity Contracting: An International Perspective (Elsevier Science Academic Press), and has been reviewed in Canadian Business, the Financial Post, and The New Yorker, among others. He was the recipient of the 2004 Ido Sarnat Award and received the 2008 AIMA Canada-Hillsdale Research Award.? He is a research associate with numerous financial and educational groups, and consults for a variety of governmental and private organizations, most recently has been working with Wilshire Associates.