'We have been waiting for more than ten years since Pomeranz opened the debate on the Great Divergence between China and the West for the book that brings India into the discourse. This magnum opus comes from a scholar with the credentials in economics, the erudition in history and the literary style required to occupy the intellectual high ground for the decade to come.' Patrick O'Brien, FBA, London School of Economics 'A stimulating contribution to the 'great divergence' discussion that brings in evidence from South Asia and the Ottoman Empire, as well as arguments likely to be deemed controversial about Indian science and technology. Far from being resolved, this book confirms that the debate over European exceptionalism continues and persuasive explanations for Europe's development and economic growth more generally remain few and incomplete.' R. Bin Wong, University of California, Los Angeles 'Parthasarathi's important new book places India right in the middle of the ongoing debate on the 'Great Divergence' in the world economy. It argues convincingly for a distinct Indian path into the modern world.' Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History