The improvement of life expectancy and quality is a primary goal of modern societies in both developed and developing countries. However, according to the World Health Organization, the global burden of diseases were estimated to be more than 2.74 billion DALYs with about 56.00 million global total deaths in 2012. In 2030, the projected global burden of diseases and global total deaths are similar to or even higher than that in 2012. What are the causes of DALYs and deaths? What proportion do the causes contribute to global DALYs and deaths? Are global DALYs and deaths preventable? Are daily diets associated with global DALYs or deaths? What is the significance of diets contributing to global DALYs or deaths? Answers to these questions should be vital for the prevention and reduction of global DALYs and deaths. Over 90% of causes contributing to the global total DALYs or deaths are modifiable or causable by daily diets. Therefore, understanding the association of diets with diseases is very necessary for us to reduce the global total DALYs or deaths in the future. Because of vast information about diets and diseases in literature, it is very difficult to fully encompass this data in a single manuscript. This book opts to collect a selected overview of association of diets with some important diseases. This book includes ten chapters. In Chapter One, it is well-researched and subsequently concluded by the authors that diets should be critical factors that can modify or even cause diseases, which significantly contribute to the global burden of diseases or deaths. In Chapter Two, their research, production, applications, regulations and future developments are discussed in detail. In Chapter Three, the evidence from experimental and clinical studies to show the potential effect of polyphenols from tea, coffee and cacao on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases are reviewed. In Chapter Four, the dietary causes of kidney diseases and their prevention by proper diet management are described. In Chapter Five, the dietary risk factors and prevention by proper diets are fully summarised. In Chapter Six, the liver disease risk factors existing in human diets are analysed. In Chapter Seven, the authors discuss how diets can play significant roles in the management or development of liver diseases. In Chapter Eight, the theories related to bone problems with respect to the hypo and hyper conditions of nutrients in relation to bone related problems and proper diet management to prevent them are examined in detail. In Chapter Nine, the association of arthritis and their various forms, causes and symptoms with improper diets and its prevention by diet management are introduced. Finally, in Chapter Ten, the association of diet with overweight individuals, obesity and its prevention by proper diet management are extensively discussed.