The chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapter One reviews the medicinal uses of Astragalus, clinical trials, its effects on human health, and the potential side-effects resulting from its use as complementary and alternative medicine. In Chapter Two, links between pharmacological activities and structural traits (including aglycone type, substitution types, positions and levels) are statistically highlighted by means of comparison between active and non-evaluated saponins. Chapter Three explores the underlying pleura anatomy and physiology, pathogenesis and etiology of pleurisy, including identification, assessment and management of the condition. Chapter Four discusses grading and classification of dysplasia and dermatoscopic findings. Chapter Five studies a unifying biological concept for atypical melanocytic lesions. Chapter Six reviews general ethical aspects of neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including cultural and contextual factors of importance for CPR performance. Chapter Seven examines histhopathological complications in new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation. The final chapter discusses the point of care critical ultrasound in emergency care medicine.